Csx Swot Essay - 678 Words

Industry: Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics 1) Provide a brief summary of the company. (20 points) This should include where the company is headquartered, a brief history over the past 5 to 7 years, an overview of the company’s sales revenues and profits/losses, mission, vision and core values. 2) Situational Analysis: (60 points) A situational analysis is a business term that means evaluation of trends and situation of a particular industry or market. An organizations competitive position, market and growth trends, operating and financial condition, and the general state of the companys internal and external affairs are evaluated in a situational analysis. * Is management planning to expand the business?†¦show more content†¦Information from the internal evaluation forms the first two parts of the SWOT analysis: your companys strengths and weaknesses. 3) Complete a SWOT analysis. (25 points) The situational analysis research leads to the development of the SWOT analysis. 4) Identify a minimum of two strategies that the company should pursue (the SWOT analysis should help to narrow and define those strategies). (45 points) c) Develop plans (strategic, tactical and operational) to support those organizational goals. d) Do your recommendations agree with the strategies that the company’s management is focusing on? 5) Organize resources to achieve organizational goals. (60 points) a) Describe the type of organizational structure used by the company. i) Is the current structure able to accomplish organizational goals using the principles of line and staff? ii) What changes or restructuring is occurring and why? Refer to the situational analysis that you completed – is the company hiring or laying off? iii) Position titles should be added; major divisions should be expanded, and staff and line departments should be clearly defined. b) What changes or restructuring would you recommend? Develop a human resource forecast that correlates with your plans. c) Develop an objective performanceShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesthe current organizational resources. Many factors are considered in the company’s analysis: its current strategies, its external environment, its strengths and weaknesses, and its opportunities and threats. This is commonly re ferred to as a gap or SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. The company begins to look at what skills, knowledge, and abilities are available internally, and where shortages in terms of people skills or equipment may exist (see Ethical Issues in

The Matrix and the Allegory of the Cave Essay - 948 Words

TOK Essay The Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix 03 December 2010 Many people think that what we know is not really what is real. This idea is shown through the story of The Allegory of the Cave and the movie, The Matrix. Both the movie and the story are similar (it is said that The Matrix is based on The Allegory) and the main plots of the two can be compared. In The Allegory of the Cave, the people are chained up by their legs and necks in a cave from an early age, facing a wall. From behind, there are puppet holders holding statues and figures of animals that the prisoners can only see the shadows of. This can be compared to The Matrix where people are locked in the virtual world of a computer program. This idea is a metaphor†¦show more content†¦We cannot really see things because our emotions are blocking them out. In The Allegory, the prisoner that was freed has the responsibility of going back into the cave to tell the other prisoners about the real world. Even though they would probably think he was crazy, and he does not want to go back to being controlled, he has to go back to free the others. In The Matrix, The One has the responsibility of going back into the program to free those who are ready to be freed. This makes us think about whether the truth is relevant. In The Matrix, one man says ignorance is bliss but can we really go through our whole lives believing something that is not real? Some people are ready to know the truth, others are not. In the same way, some people open their minds to new ideas, others do not and just carry on knowing only what the have always known, and not perceiving reality for themselves. In conclusion, both the movie and the story deal with knowledge issues. We do not know for sure what is real, and what we just think or have been told to know as real. People of today should try open their minds more and perceive and reason things for themselves, instead of being controlled to see and hear what we are shown and told. We should try and free ourShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Matrix and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 1922 Words   |  8 Pagesand what is simply illusion brought by our subjective view of the world? But when attempting to understand the nature of our existence, about why we are here, the complexities of life often make it difficult to interpret this subject. The film The Matrix centers on this same concept that the known world is an illusion. The movies core theme of reality and illusion is definite to the humans understanding of what the true meaning of life is. Ones understanding of reality is only defined by their choiceRead MoreAllegory Of The Cav e And The Matrix Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Allegory of the Cave, by Plato and The Matrix have similarities and differences when compared. These two story lines are completely different scenarios, but they both paint the same picture leading you to the question what is real? The allegory of The Cave revolves around prisoners who have been bound to chains their entire lives. They face a blank wall, and only a blank wall. They know nothing of what is outside of the cave. They tend to see shadows that pass by, but because the have no knowledgeRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave in the Movie The Matrix Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesreturn to the classics, it should not be surprising to find allusions to our more famous Greek philosophers represented in popular films and shows. Andy and Larry Wachowski’s movie The Matrix shows a strong resemblance in its central theme to that of Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave. In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato sets forth the idea that mankind is only living in an illusion of life, that the reality is beyond the scope of our own senses and can only be reached through the intellect. InRead More Allegory of the Cave vs The Matrix Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesprisoners in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† are blind from true reality as well as the people in the movie â€Å"The Matrix† written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. They are given false images and they accept what their senses are telling them, and they believe what they are experiencing is all that really exists. Plato the ancient Greek philosopher wrote â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, to explain the process of enlightenment and what true reality may be. In the movie â€Å"The Matrix†, Neo (the main character)Read MoreComparison of the Matrix and the Allegory of the Cave Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pages2012 The Matrix and the Allegory of the Cave What if one were living through life completely bound and facing a reality that doesnt even exist? The prisoners in Platos Allegory of the Cave are blind from true reality as well as the people in the movie The Matrix. They are given false images and they accept what their senses are telling them. They believe what they are experiencing is not all that really exists. Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher wrote The Allegory of the Cave, to explainRead MorePlato’s Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix Essay2251 Words   |  10 Pagesenlightenment, knowledge, and education. In this allegory, the depictions of humans as they are chained, their only knowledge of the world is what is seen inside the cave. Plato considers what would happen to people should they embrace the concepts of philosophy, to become enlightened by it, to see things as they truly are. As we have mentioned in class, Plato’s theory did not only present itself in his allegory, but also in the Wachowski broth ers’ hit-film, The Matrix. In the film, the protagonist, Neo, suffersRead MoreEssay on Allegory of the Cave- Plato Republic1039 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 2010 The Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix Book VII of The Republic begins with Socrates’ â€Å"Allegory of the Cave.† The purpose of this allegory is to â€Å"make an image of our nature in its education and want of education† in other words, it illustrates Socrates’ model of education. In addition, the allegory corresponds perfectly to the analogy of the divided line. However, this Cave Analogy is also an applicable theme in modern times, for example, the movie, The Matrix, is loosely basedRead MoreComparing The Matrix With Readings From Plato And Descartes1023 Words   |  5 Pagescontrasting The Matrix with readings from Plato and Descartes This essay will discuss The Matrix, from synopsis of the following; The Republic by Plato, depicting the famous cave allegory, and Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, offering doubt that some senses are accurate. By examining these two readings, and the movie, it will allow the author to show some comparisons, and to show how they are also different as this essay indicates the world is very real. The Matrix In The MatrixRead MoreThe Matrix Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast The Matrix with the readings from Plato and Descartes. What are some similarities and differences? An Essay Submitted to Jason Elvis BY Williestine Harriel Liberty University online September 24, 2012 Compare and Contrast The Matrix with the readings from Plato and Descartes. What are some similarities and differences? After reading The Matrix, and reading from Plato and Descartes, I find that there are some similarities and differencesRead MoreAllegory Of The Cave And The Matrix Analysis1986 Words   |  8 Pagespossible,† (The Matrix). These words spoken at the conclusion of the Wachowski Brothers’ 1999 film, The Matrix, by the main character Neo represent a deeper meaning and a connection to ancient literature many people viewing the film might not realize. This quote relates to a work of literature more than two millennia old, the narrative by Plato called The Allegory of the Cave. Much like how Neo must endure the stages of enlightenment to rise from the blissful ignorance controlled by the matrix in the movie

how to argue and win every time Essay Example For Students

how to argue and win every time Essay HOW TO ARGUE AND WIN EVERYTIMEJerry Spence startes off by asking why do we argue? He says that he doesnt like to argue and he doesnt like people that do. The confused me at first. He askes why not ty to get along, and besides when he argues he loses. He says we were born to make a winning argument just as we were born to walk. Mr. Spence says that we are so bound up, so mute. From the moment we have been conditioned to avoid confrontation. We have been taught not to let our emotions show. By the time we become adults the word argue calls up dark and negative feelings. Many throughout our lives have forced up to accept their ways, their relugion, their values, ect The key to our freedom is embarrassingly obvious. We need only to give ourselves permission, to unlock to doors. The key is to give ourselves permission to peer out of our closets and to look around, to ask questions and demand respect. We need to speak out and just to be. Most people are afriad to argue because it just causes trouble. Our arguements turn sour, the words ugly, the passages to the heart close, and the feelings of love are replaced by the hurt and the anger. But, fear is ourr ally. Fear confirms us. Fear is our energy that is convertible to POWER-our power. We need to learn not to afraid of our fear but to embrace it. If you feel your fear, you can also feel its power and you can change its power into YOUR power.First, to win an argument, exhaustive preparation is essential. The most prepared person will usually win. In the preparation process, you must thoroughly research and understand your case, and you must also thoroughly research and understand your opponents pos ition. You should know and understand the facts and arguments of your opponent better than he or she does. Second, you must have a profound understanding of the thinking and emotions of the decision maker(s) in his case, the jury. Your argument should be framed to harmonize with the decision makers values, wants and needs. You must understand the prejudices of the jurors and address the built-in objections they may have to your arguments. You must help them to understand the motives of your client and identify with them as their own. In other words, empathize with the jurors and help them empathize with your client. Mr. Spence emphasizes that, in order for the jurors to believe your arguments, you must argue from your own sincere belief. You also have to talk to them in their own language, treat them with respect and relate with them so they can relate back to you. If you act superior to them, you will probably make them your enemies and never gain their trust. Mr. Spence says that , in your personal relationships, you may find the only way to win an argument is to lose. If the only way to win your point is to destroy the relationship, you may find its better to concede. This was an excellent book on argumentation skills. However, first you have to define what it is to win. What do you want to get from the argument and what are you willing to risk to get that? Through several examples he works out how to win by losing, how to win by empowering others, how to win by redirecting the prejudice of others or using that prejudice to your advantage, etc. He spends a great deal of time discussing the importance of using stories to illustrate points and does a fine job of it. The book is filled with stories and experiences from his real life courtroom experiences and how his arguments affected the jury, sometimes in a manner that surprised him and sometimes in the manner he expected. Even when the results were a surprise he explains why, after thinking about it, the de cision went the way it did. The book is highly slanted toward the argument styles of a lawyer in front of a jury. However, it is useful to anyone in any

Impact of Water Pollution-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as an example, describe the impact of water pollution on the environment and discuss a strategy that has been used to control or prevent these impacts. Answer: Introduction: Water covers the 2/3rd of the surface of the Earth. The population of earth is growing over the years as a result; they are creating pressure on the water resources of the Planet. Human activities are spoiling the water resources. The quality of water is being destroyed and as a result, water pollution occurs. Water pollution is one of the major types of environmental pollution. Water is the essential thing for sustainability and is a part of the biosphere (Peukert et al. 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to save the water for the wellbeing of the planet. It helps to provide energy, minerals and balance the life- cycle. The assignment focuses on the causes of water pollution and the incidence of deepwater horizon oil spill. The significance of the incidence of deepwater horizon oil spill is discussed. Water pollution has a strong impact on environment and it needs to be reduced. The impact and the strategies to prevent the water pollution are discussed. Causes of water pollution: Human activity is the main reason of the water pollution. These activities reduced the quality of water. Water pollution occurs due to various reasons and this is a critical issue in present days. The main causes of the water pollution are stated below: Sewage: As the number of people on the earth is increasing with the time, the number of sewage is also increasing and becomes the major problem of the world. The sewage is mixed with the drinking water as it goes to the river, and ocean (Laws 2017). This is harmful for the human health. It causes the diseases like diarrhea. Wastewater: Another major reason of the water pollution is the wastewater. Most of the industries are set up at the bank of the rivers and they throw the wastewater of chemicals in the river. Some of the times, the chemicals are washed off from the drains of the factories and the harmful chemicals mixed in the water (Klein 2013). These chemicals mix in the water and cause the death of the fishes and results respiratory problems in human. Chemical waste: Most of the detergents are made of toxic chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls. This type of chemicals is mainly used to make the electronic circuit boards. When this type of chemicals mixes in the water and pollutes the water, it harms the aquatic life as well as terrestrial and avian lives. This type of chemical reduces the amount of oxygen, nitrogen, and essential minerals from the water and as a result, the amount of carbon dioxide increases (Kneese 2015). Radioactive waste: Radioactive waste is the great danger for the people. It is the powerful ray and can spread the pollution in the environment. The waste material of the nuclear power plants pollutes the water (Prouty et al. 2016). From the past decades, the number of shell and fishes death rate increases in the present decades due to the water pollution. Oil pollution: Most of the ocean pollution occurs due to the oil spill in the water. Due to the tanker accident, the oil spill occurs and the oil enters into the water of ocean. This mainly kills the aquatic animals and destroys the biodiversity system (Chanton et al. 2014). When the oil mixes with the water, the water becomes contaminated. This may cause food borne illness, cancer, and other problems in human being. Plastics: Plastic is the most dangers component that is harmful for the human being. Plastic does not decay and floats with the wave, when it is thrown to the water. It contains poisonous chemicals that cause water pollution. Incidence of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The deepwater horizon oil spill is the disaster that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010. Due to this disaster, eleven people died. King et al. (2015) mentioned it as the biggest marine oil spill in petroleum industrial history. The US government has estimated total discharge at the 4.9 million barrel oil after the occurrence of the accidents. In September 2010, the well became sealed. However, in 2012, the seal became leaked and the threat of the accidents rose. After the accident, the protection in the beaches and wetlands were increased. It took long time to remove the spill from the water of Gulf of Mexico. It killed various aquatic animals and the ecosystem of the water became hampered. Huge damage occurred in the water life. From a report of 2013, it is found that, most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death (Lamendella et al. 2014). As per a report of 2014, after come in contact with oil spill, the defo rmation of heart and nervous system is seen in the tuna and amberjack. These types of deformities reduce the life span. The amount of the carbon dioxide has increased in the water of the Gulf of Mexico. Significance of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The explosion of the deep- water horizon oil spill is significant in the history of the water pollution. In causes severe damages among the aquatic life as well as the terrestrial life. Due to this, 11 workers were killed and this the largest oil spill at marine. Huge damage occurred in the water life. From a report of 2013, it is found that, most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death (Michel et al. 2013). The spill changed the water composition and damaged the water for using. It took a long time to clear the spill and preserver the eco system again. The crisis spoilt the conservation system of the coast that was running from 25 years. Different scientists of different countries checked the water after the incident occurs. The pH balance of the water of Gulf of Mexico became misbalanced as different types of chemicals were mixed in the water like methane, PHAs, and carbon dioxide. It damaged the natural resources. Sc ientists revealed that the disease among the aquatic animals is the result of the oil spill. The infants of the aquatic animals became abnormal after came in contact with the oil spill. The habitants of the water were damaged and damaged the lifestyle of the habitants. The dolphins were injured much. This incident not only damaged the surface level of water but also damaged the deep water. The oil spills contained 40% of methane that was high than the normal oil. Methane can create a suffocating environment and makes a dead zones. For this reason, the BP had to come in a settlement and they had to provide a compensation of $8.8 billion. This money was spent for the restoration of and recreational purpose. However, Yuan et al. (2014) mentioned that it is not easy to restore the natural resources again. The impact of this incident of deepwater horizon oil spill on the environment is very significant and for longtime. Impact of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on environment: The area, where the spill occurred, hosts approximately 8,332 species. This includes near about 1270 fishes, 1456 mollusks, 218 birds, 1503 crustaceans, 604 polychaetes, 29 marine mammals, and 4 sea turtles. Before the spill, the water contains 40 times less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The PAHs contains the carcinogenic compounds that are harmful for the aquatic and terrestrial living beings (Incardona et al. 2014). The oil spills contained 40% of methane that was high than the normal oil. Methane can create a suffocating environment and makes a dead zones. Due to the depletion of oxygen, the death rate of aquatic animals increases. The toxins of the oil spill can causes of the irregular heartbeat in the aquatic animals. Gulf of Mexico is one of the productive ocean and had the best ecosystem in the world. After the incident, the number of the predator fishes decreased and the effect of this is found in human being also. The oil spill polluted not only the surface water of the Gulf of Mexico but also the deep water in unpredictable amount. It damaged the natural resources (Gray et al. 2014). The habitants of the water were damaged and damaged the lifestyle of the habitants. Moreover, the oil spill increased the temperature and the water level of the ocean. It destroyed the eggs of the aquatic animals. Some of the fishes were found with oozing sores and lesions. The ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico became endangered. It damaged the ocean floor and the number of unusual death increased. The most important thing is that most of the death bodies of the aquatic bodies were not found and they decade in the underwater of Gulf of Mexico (Brame et al. 2013). This increases the pollution rate also. The birth rates of the aquatic life decreased. The dead bodies of dolphins washed up on the ocean at the coastal area of Mississippi and Alabama. From that time, only 17% of the dolphins are surviving and many deformities are seen in the aquatic animals after the incident occurred (Gutierrez et al. 2013). Scientists revealed that the disease among the aquatic animals is the result of the oil spill. The infants of the aquatic animals became abnormal after came in contact with the oil spill. Prevention of water pollution: The water pollution needs to be prevented. People should be aware. They should pour hot water or waste material in the water of river or ocean. The cooking products like fat, grease, and oil should not be thrown in the water. The most dangerous thing is the plastic that contains the harmful chemicals. These chemicals are harmful for the respiratory system and decrease the rate of the rate of the reproduction (Garcia-Pineda et al. 013). Hence, people should not throw the plastic in the water. Moreover, the people of industrial belt need to be careful and should not throw the wastewater and chemicals into water. The waste materials of human and other living beings also should not be exposed to the drinking water. The government needs to pass strict rules and regulation for the sustainability of the water. In future, the people may suffer from the water crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to save the drinking water. The human activity needs modification and they should obey the rules and regulation of the government to avoid the spoilage of water. The disposal of the decaying things is harmful for the water and it should be banned. The government needs to check the pH of the oceans and rivers in every two years. The use of pesticides and chemicals in the fields also should be avoided. The government needs to take appropriate steps to avoid the spoilage of water and should take the steps to preserve the water (Kleinnijenhuis et al. 2015). The clearance of the sewage needs proper maintenance so that it cannot mix in the rivers. To save the eco system of the water, the government of U.S. took some steps that the citizens need to follow and should not break the rules, which is punishable offence. Conclusion: Based on the above discussion, it can be said that human activities are spoiling the water resources. Water is the essential thing for sustainability and is a part of the biosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to save the water for the wellbeing of the planet. Human activity is the main reason of the water pollution. . It took long time to remove the spill from the water of Gulf of Mexico. It killed various aquatic animals and the ecosystem of the water became hampered. Most of dolphins and other aquatic animals continued to die that is much higher than the normal rate of death. The impact of this incident of deepwater horizon oil spill on the environment is very significant and for longtime. After the incident, the number of the predator fishes decreased and the effect of this is found in human being. The birth rates of the aquatic life decreased. The dead bodies of dolphins washed up on the ocean at the coastal area of Mississippi and Alabama. References Brame, J.A., Hong, S.W., Lee, J., Lee, S.H. and Alvarez, P.J., 2013. Photocatalytic pre-treatment with food-grade TiO 2 increases the bioavailability and bioremediation potential of weathered oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.Chemosphere,90(8), pp.2315-2319. Chanton, J., Zhao, T., Rosenheim, B.E., Joye, S., Bosman, S., Brunner, C., Yeager, K.M., Diercks, A.R. and Hollander, D., 2014. Using natural abundance radiocarbon to trace the flux of petrocarbon to the seafloor following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Environmental science technology,49(2), pp.847-854. Garcia-Pineda, O., MacDonald, I., Hu, C., Svejkovsky, J., Hess, M., Dukhovskoy, D. and Morey, S.L., 2013. Detection of floating oil anomalies from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill with synthetic aperture radar.Oceanography,26(2), pp.124-137. Gray, J.L., Kanagy, L.K., Furlong, E.T., Kanagy, C.J., McCoy, J.W., Mason, A. and Lauenstein, G., 2014. Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Chemosphere,95, pp.124-130. Gutierrez, T., Singleton, D.R., Berry, D., Yang, T., Aitken, M.D. and Teske, A., 2013. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria enriched by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill identified by cultivation and DNA-SIP.The ISME journal,7(11), p.2091. Incardona, J.P., Gardner, L.D., Linbo, T.L., Brown, T.L., Esbaugh, A.J., Mager, E.M., Stieglitz, J.D., French, B.L., Labenia, J.S., Laetz, C.A. and Tagal, M., 2014. Deepwater Horizon crude oil impacts the developing hearts of large predatory pelagic fish.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(15), pp.E1510-E1518. King, G.M., Kostka, J.E., Hazen, T.C. and Sobecky, P.A., 2015. Microbial responses to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: from coastal wetlands to the deep sea.Annual review of marine science,7, pp.377-401. Klein, L., 2013.Causes and Effects: River Pollution. Elsevier. Kleinnijenhuis, J., Schultz, F., Utz, S. and Oegema, D., 2015. The mediating role of the news in the BP oil spill crisis 2010: How US news is influenced by public relations and in turn influences public awareness, foreign news, and the share price.Communication Research,42(3), pp.408-428. Kneese, A.V., 2015.Water Pollution: Economics Aspects and Research Needs. Routledge. Lamendella, R., Strutt, S., Borglin, S., Chakraborty, R., Tas, N., Mason, O.U., Hultman, J., Prestat, E., Hazen, T.C. and Jansson, J.K., 2014. Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on Gulf coast microbial communities.Frontiers in microbiology,5. Laws, E.A., 2017.Aquatic pollution: an introductory text. John Wiley Sons. Michel, J., Owens, E.H., Zengel, S., Graham, A., Nixon, Z., Allard, T., Holton, W., Reimer, P.D., Lamarche, A., White, M. and Rutherford, N., 2013. Extent and degree of shoreline oiling: Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA.PloS one,8(6), p.e65087. Peukert, S., Griffith, B.A., Murray, P.J., Macleod, C.J. and Brazier, R.E., 2014. Intensive management in grasslands causes diffuse water pollution at the farm scale.Journal of environmental quality,43(6), pp.2009-2023. Prouty, N.G., Fisher, C.R., Demopoulos, A.W. and Druffel, E.R., 2016. Growth rates and ages of deep-sea corals impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,129, pp.196-212. Yuan, B., Warneke, C., Shao, M. and de Gouw, J.A., 2014. Interpretation of volatile organic compound measurements by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry over the deepwater horizon oil spill.International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,358, pp.43-48.

Wiki free essay sample

Text is usually written using a simplified markup language or a rich-text editor. [1][2] While a wiki is a type of content management system, it differs from a blog or most other such systems in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users. The encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki on the public web in terms of page views[citation needed], but there are many sites running many different kinds of wiki software. A wiki is not a carefully crafted site for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the visitor in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the Web site landscape. A wiki enables communities to write documents collaboratively, using a simple arkup language and a web browser. A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a wiki page, while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well interconnected by hyperlinks, is the wiki. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, argument and interaction. [6] A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review before modifications are accepted. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring egistration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online. This can facilitate abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba and Steve Wheeler write that the open wikis produce a process ot Social Darwinism. Untit sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not considered fit, which hopefully results in the evolution of a higher quality and more relevant page. Whilst such openness may nvite vandalism and the posting of untrue information, this same openness also makes it possible to rapidly correct or restore a quality wiki page. [7] Editing wiki pages Some wikis have an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed, if the user has permission to edit the page. This leads to an editing page which allows participants to structure and format wiki pages with a simplified markup language, sometimes known as wikitext (for example, starting a line of text with an asterisk often sets up a bulleted list). The style and syntax of wikitexts can vary greatly among iki implementations,[example needed] some of which also allow HTML tags. Wik is favour plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML, for indicating style and structure. Although limiting access to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits user ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki content, there are some benefits. Limited access to CSS promotes consistency in the look and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a user from implementing code that may limit other users access. MediaWiki syntax Equivalent HTML Rendered output Take some more [[tea]], the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than nothing. Take some more tea, the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than Wikis can make WYSIvWG editing available to users, usually by means of JavaScript or n ActiveX control that translates graphically entered format ting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext. In those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. However, WYSIWG controls do not always provide all of the features available in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a WYSIvWG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some means to edit the wikitext direc y Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every version of the page is stored. This means that authors can revert to an older version of the page, should it be necessary because a mistake has been made or the page has been vandalized. Many implementations, like MediaWiki, allow users to supply an edit summary when they edit a page; this is a short piece of text summarising the changes. It is not inserted into the article, but is stored along with that revision of the page, allowing users to explain what has been done and why; this is similar to a log message when making changes to a revision-control system. Navigation Within the text of most pages there are usually a large number of hypertext links to ther pages. This form of non-linear navigation is more native to wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes. That said, users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain by hand, as multiple authors create and delete pages in an ad hoc manner. Wikis can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis have a backlink feature, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It is typical in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Linking and creating Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called link pattern (also see CURIE). Originally, most wikis[citation needed] used CamelCase to name pages and create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the spaces between them (the word CamelCase is itself an example). While CamelCase makes linking very easy, it also leads to links which are written in a form that deviates from he standard spelling. To link to a page with a single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters in the word (e. g. WiKi instead of Wiki). CamelCase- based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such as TableOfContents and BeginnerQuestions. It is possible for a wiki to render the visible anchor of such links pretty by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. However, this reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is limited by the loss of capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example, RichardWagner should be rendered as Richard Wagner, whereas PopularMusic should be rendered as popular music. There is no easy way to determine which capital letters should remain capitalized. As a result, wikis now have free linking using brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default. Searching Most wikis offer at least a title search, and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki, use tlat tiles. [8] MediaWikis tirst versions used tlat tiles, but it as rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s to be a database application. Indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis. Alternatively, external search engines such as Google Search can sometimes be used on wikis with limited searching functions in order to obtain more precise results. History Main article: History of wikis Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki. 9] Ward Cunningham started developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and installed it on the Internet domain c2. com on March 25, 1995. It was named by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the Wiki Wiki Shuttle bus that runs between the airports terminals. According to Cunningham, l chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for quick and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick- Cunningham was in part inspired by Apples HyperCard, which he had used before but which was single-user. 12] Apple had designed a system allowing users to create virtual card stacks supporting links among the various cards. Cunningham developed Vannevar Bushs ideas by allowing users to comment on and change one nothers Cunningham says his goals were to link together the experiences of multiple people to create a new literature to document programming patterns, and to harness peoples natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to authoring . 12] Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentati on, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning. There may be greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public Internet. On March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary. [14] Implementations Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, allowing web pages to be created and edited using a common web browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an existing web server, or as a standalone pplication server that runs on one or more web servers. The content is stored in a file system, and changes to the content are stored in a relational database management system. A commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia. See the List of wiki software for further information. Alternatively, personal wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer. WikidPad is an example. Or even single local HTML file with JavaScript inside like Tiddlywiki. Wikis can also be created on a wiki tarm, where the server side sottware is implemented by the wiki farm owner. PBwiki, Socialtext, Wetpaint, and Wikia are popular examples of such services. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected wikis. Note that free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki farms. Trust and security Controlling changes Recent changes redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Recent changes. History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page. Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them. Thus, while wikis are very pen, they provide a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost every wiki, is the Recent Changes page†a specific list numbering recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame. [1 5] Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts (bots). [16] From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the revision history shows previous page versions and the diff feature highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the revision history, an editor can view and restore a previous ersion of the article. The diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the Recent Changes page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software used. [17] In case unacceptable edits are missed on the recent changes page, some wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be arned of modifications to the pages, allowing him or her to verify the validity of new editions quickly. [18] A watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed. [19] Trustworthiness Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could be easily tampered with, while proponents argue that the community of users can catch malicious content and correct it. ] Lars Aronsson, a data systems specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows: Most people, when they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can be edited by anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive input. It sounds like ottering tree spray cans next to a grey concrete wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly gr affiti and simple tagging, and many artistic efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very well. [9] High editorial standards in medicine have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis. 20] Some wikis allow one to link to specific versions of articles, which has been seful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article. [21] Noveck points out that participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation. On controversial topics that have been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki may restrict editing to registered users. 22] Security The open philosophy of wiki allowing anyone to edit content, does not ensure that every editors intentions are well-mannered. For example, vandalism (changing wiki content to something offensive or nonsensical) can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia Foundation, vandalism can go unnoticed for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open access nature, are susceptible to intentional disruption, known as trolling. Wikis tend to take a soft- security[23][unreliable source] approach to the problem of vandalism; making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert andalism and JavaScript enhancements that show characters that have been added in each edit. In this way vandalism can be limited to Just minor vandalism or sneaky vandalism, where the characters added/eliminated are so few that bots do not identify them and users do not pay much attention to them. [24][unreliable source] The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is. For instance, some wikis allow unregistered users, identified by their IP addresses, to edit content, whilst others limit this function to Just registered users. Most wikis allow nonymous editing without an account,[25] but give registered users additional editing functions; on most wikis, becoming a registered user is a short and simple process. Some wikis require an additional waiting period before gaining access to certain tools. For example, on the English Wikipedia, registered users can rename pages only if their account is at least four days old. Other wikis such as the Portuguese Wikipedia use an editing requirement instead of a time requirement, granting extra tools after the user has made a certain number of edits to prove their trustworthiness and usefulness as an editor. Vandalism of Wikipedia is common (though policed and usually reverted) because it is extremely open, allowing anyone with a computer and Internet access to edit it, but making it grow rapidly. In contrast, Citizendium requires an editors real name and short autobiography, affecting the growth of the wiki but sometimes helping stop vandalism. Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the version they tavor. Some wiki software allows an administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a page from further editing until a decision has been made on what version of the page ould be most appropriate. [6] Some wikis are in a better position than others to control behavior due to governance structures existing outside the wiki. For instance, a college teacher can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a class wiki they administer, by limiting editing to logged-in users and pointing out that all contributions can be traced back to the contributors. Bad behavior can then be dealt with in accordance with university policies. [8] Potential malware vector Malware can also be problem, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link would be infected. [6] A countermeasure is the use of software that prevents users from saving an edit that contains a link to a site listed on a blacklist of malware sites. 26] Communities Applications The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web[27] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of update] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage and Susning. nu, a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and inv ited non-medical experts. [7] Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation. [29] A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into synthesizers and adders of content. Synthesizers frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work. [30] In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by update] Wikis can be used for project management. 32][33] [unreliable source] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. 34] In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work. [35] In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend amongst industries toward collaboration was placing a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom. 6] Wikis have found some use within the legal profession, and within government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agencys Intellipedia, designed to share nd collect intelligence, dKospedia, which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents pertaining to internment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay;[36] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to ollaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit. 22] WikiNodes WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content delegated to that wiki. [37] One way of finding a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from iki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki bus tour, for example: Wikipedias Tour Bus Stop. Participants The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader, author, wiki administrator and system administrator. The system administrator is responsible for installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator maintains wiki content and is provided additional functions pertaining to pages (e. g. page protection and deletion), and can adjust users access rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing. [38] Growth factors A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;[39] that access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; that a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that higher administration ratios (i. e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population growth. [40] Conferences Conferences and meetings about wikis in general include: The International Symposium on Wikis (WikiSym), a conference dedicated to wiki research and practice in general. RecentChangesCamp, an unconference on wiki- related topics Conterences on specitlc wiki sites and applications include: Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including Confluence[41] RegioWikiCamp, a semi-annual unconference on regiowikis, or wikis on cities and other geographic areas. [42] SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki. [43] TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware. [44] Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia Foundation rojects like Wikipedia. Rules Wikis typically have a set of rules governing user behavior. Wikipedia, for instance, has a labyrinthine set of policies and guidelines summed up in its five pillars: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; Wikipedia has a neutral point of view; Wikipedia is free content; Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil manner; and Wikipedia does not have firm rules. Many wikis have adopted a set of commandments. For instance, Conservapedia commands, among other things, that its editors use B. C. rather than B. C. E. when referring to years prior to the common era and refrain rom unproductive One teacher instituted a commandment for a class wiki, Wiki unto others as you would have them wiki unto you. [8] Legal environment Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without the permission of all co-o wners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing. 6] However, where persons contribute to a collective work such s an encyclopedia, there is no Joint ownership if the contributions are separate and distinguishable. [46] Despite most wikis tracking of individual contributions, the action of contributing to a wiki page is still arguably one of Jointly correcting, editing, or compiling which would give rise to Joint ownership. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to xist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki, although the legal basis for such an implied license may not exist in all circumstances. citation needed] Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that he could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, he may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue,

Writing SOL Prompt 3 Essay Essays - Attitude Change, Belief

Writing SOL Prompt 3 Essay Essays - Attitude Change, Belief PROMPT: actions speak louder than words agree or disagree? I support the phrase actions speak louder than words. Words carry a lot of weight, from what we say to how we say it, but it is through our actions that truly show the sincerity and bring things into being. In many cases, what people say dont necessarily line up with what they are really doing or planning on doing. Its easier to understand words than to interpret a persons actions. However, actions have a greater appeal than words because of the physical element involved in them For example, its easy to talk about our dreams and hopes for future, but it a lot more than energy to take the steps that lead to bringing our dreams to reality. It requires a lot of hard work and determination. If all we ever do is talk about it, we begin to lose faith in ourselves because nothing really changes. When a student says that theyll end up going to an Ivy League school and become a highly-acclaimed doctor, they cant just sit there and wait for it to happen. In order to meet up with what they said, they have to actually put their words into action and work for it. Things dont come easy and that student wont be able to convince themselves or others until theyve actually accomplished things. Another example is when a political leader runs for office; they often list a plethora of things they promise or plan on doing. They say that theyll help the poorest members of society, cease the tension in the Middle East, help gain easier entrance to colleges and universities, and much more. Of course their promises sound great, but actions show the reality. Words are easy to roll of the tongue, theyre easy to calculate, and come from the mind. But actions truly reveal the real situation and show you thats really going on. Political leaders make their promises as a way to gain support and a way to lure the citizens attention to them. For all we know, they could be deceiving the citizens just to win an election. We dont know if what they say is true until theyve put their words into actions. Although there are many examples were the phrase is supported, it is somewhat over-exaggerated and an inaccurate clich. It lowers the important of the power of words and their ability to leave everlasting effects on an individual and even an entire society. Even just a few words can influence an entire generation. The power of language is phenomenal. For example, before the Holocaust actually began, Hitler didnt gain his followers and supporters through physical acts of violence and persuasion. He used words to overcome an entire nation and killed millions of people with them. He spoke out to crowds and convinced the German people that the Jewish society was a minority and needed to be diminished and destroyed. Hitler didnt physically force his people to lash out towards the Jewish people and commit homicide, he did it through his power of words. However, even though this example argues against the phrase, the number of examples that do support it, overweight it. Overall, I think that the saying actions speak louder than words is very accurate. Someone can speak a promise to you, but until they actually do something, theyre just words.

Rise of nationalism in Europe Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Rise of nationalism in Europe - Term Paper Example Introduction Nationalism is an idea that materialized in the eighteenth and nineteenth century causing developments in Europe. Europe had been characterized by dominant monarchies who exercised autocracy in their territory. Many countries in Europe welcomed the spirit of nationalism and became transformed into nation-states. Although the process hand many challenges nationalism was adapted leading to the conception of nation- states. This term paper talks about the rise of nationalism in Europe. It will identify major events like evolutions and the spread of key ideologies to explain the rise of nationalism in Europe. This term paper will consult various print materials to get a clear picture of how nationalism as a concept was perceived and implemented in Europe. 2. The rise of nationalism in Europe Gellner and Breuilly (2) note that, nationalism is the notion of people with a common geographical origin that they can identify with one another. Such people have a common culture which is common to them. Cultural identity include: dressing, cuisine, language, myths, legends and beliefs. Therefore, a specific territory would have a political system. 2.1. Conception of Nationalism Nationalism evolved over a long period in Europe since different people with a common origin had their own practices concerning their territory. Different states had developed power control mechanism over a specified territory. A nation-state emerged after different leaders together with their general public discovered they shared their decent and would identify with shared history as Smith (13) discusses. The notion of nationalism was born out struggles championed by the population and leaders. The actions of champions of nationalism brought about changes in the European political system and perception about Europe. For instance Italy and Germany were formed from different states that claimed common identity as Todd (14) mentions. However, other countries such as Poland, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania had to struggle for their independence. Europe ended up with nation-states since the dynasties and empires were absorbed by the spirit of nationalism. Nationalism was championed by the French Revolution which adapted the notion of a nation-state. Leaders such as Napoleon campaigned for approval of nationalism to cause political transformation. The revolution emphasized brotherhood, equality as well as liberty. The revolutionist wanted to accentuate that people with a common origin could attain self-determinism and become accustomed to liberal ideologies. There was intellectual enlightenment that people could articulate their nationhood by prescribing to their culture for national identity. Leaders such as Friedrich Hegel of Germany believed that identifying with nationality was going to remain strong while religions and empires were declining. During the Napoleon wars dynasties could not be restored because they supported legitimism and failed to recognize nationalism. People were keen to obey royal authority and left nationalism to political radicals and scholars. Carlsbad Decrees published in Australia in early nineteenth century caused political repression. This agitated nationalists (Smith 24). 2.2. The French Revolution Towards the end of eighteenth century nationalism ideas surfaced with the French Revolution. In 1789 France was ruled by a monarch with a clear territory. The French revolution saw the powers of the monarch being transferred to a group of French citizens. These changes were made in the

Strategic Leadership and Future Leaders (DB) Essay

Strategic Leadership and Future Leaders (DB) - Essay Example I would also choose a leadership style which relates to my persona and comment on another which doesn't. (Yellid) The servant leader relationship was coined by Robert Greenfield, wherein the leader's role is reduced to that of a steward, with special regards to human, financial and statistical recourses of an organization. Although the concept is not new and Chanakya, a great thinker from India, has already mentioned its true worth in the 4th century BC, the fact still remains that it was indeed Robert Greenfield who reinforced it with an official stamp. The reason why I advocate the cause for a servant leader relationship is because the servant leader, during its manifestation phase, is blessed with the power of listening, empathy, awareness, conceptualization, healing, stewardship, persuasion and community building. The leader is also stated to be a humble servant of the organization and strives to help his/her employees in their future growth. Unlike a typical top down relationship, servant leadership is based on trust, empathy and ethical use of power. (Yellid) Over here, a leader has to create a positive relationship with the organization.

Juvenile delinquency and the family structure Research Proposal

Juvenile delinquency and the family structure - Research Proposal Example a scenario where the mother or the father of a child is a military personnel and is deployed for military missions in other countries. Research has indicated that the deployment of parents (soldiers) is factor that creates a gap between parents and their children especially when they are deployed for extended periods of time: Thus, this leads to a scenario where children lack the necessary parental care. In a research article published by the Worldwide Web 2007, it is indicated that youths within military families lack proper contacts with their parents creating a scenario of inappropriate mentorship. The research also indicated that most of the mentorship programs provided to the youths, those whose parents are on missions, are quite ineffective and need re-evaluation for improvement. The article also indicated that a group of youths who participated in a roundtable meeting acknowledged that due to various psychological stresses caused by the essence of their parents being in overse as missions, compelled them to commit juvenile offenses such as: Underage drinking, truancy as well as the curfew violations. Researchers have asserted that precious and large amounts of resources have been spent on policies and programs that are ineffective, in order to reduce occurrence of juvenile delinquency (Petty 2009). It is therefore imperative to research on probable risk factors, military family being one of them in order to facilitate formulation of effective solutions. Apart from this, my desire to undertake this research is driven by a passion to contribute positively to the current efforts that have been directed towards reduction of delinquency among youths. The method that shall be used for data collection in this research shall include the use of questionnaires, specifically open-ended questionnaires. The use of open-ended questionnaires is imperative owing to the fact that it would create an opportunity for

UNO and Human Rights

UNO and Human Rights UNO and Human Rights Contents Introduction Purpose Scope Methodology Strong Points Researches Member Organizations: The Issue of Human Rights Abuses Country Model:-North Korea Results and Analysis Recommendations Conclusion: Reference: Introduction In this concise report, we will write a report in the united nations human rights issue are at the core of most of the debates whereas recognition of the innate dignity and of the equal and undisputable rights of all members of the human race which will result in the foundation of freedom, integrity and peace in this globe (Tomuschat, 2014) Human rights are the rights that all humans enjoy simply by virtue of them being human’s beings. It is Basically Derived from the inherent dignity and value of the human person and is defined locally, nationally and internationally by various agencies and organizations that make laws and rules regarding the issue of human rights. It encompasses the treaties, conventions, covenants and declarations of human right issues and how to protect these issues. Whereas lack of respect and contempt for human value, have resulted in barbaric acts which have shaken the conscience of the human-mankind, and the birth of a world in which human beings does enjoy free expression of speech and Ideology and freedom Threats and fear. The human rights issue has been declared as the highest aspiration of the people around the world. Whereas it is essential, if human being is not to be Forced to have way out, as a last resort, to rebel against despotism and tyranny, that human rights should be Guarded by the rule and regulations laid by member states of the human rights council. Whereas it is fundamental to encourage the development of cordial relations between nation states around the world, in their quest for perfect human rights, the people of the United Nations have in the agreement reaffirmed their strong faith in fundamental human rights, in the undeniable dignity and value of the human person and in the equal rights of human race and have decided to promote social growth and better standards of life in context of larger human right framework(Cook, 2011). Whereas member states have promised themselves to achieve, in co-operation with office of the United Nations, the promotion of universal deference for and celebration of human rights and other fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of speech, expression and religion. Whereas, a common perceptive of these rights and freedoms is of utter importance for the full realization of this full guarantee. From this context, we can say that human rights at the united nations is at the core of the debate and the united nations strives to provide human rights to all mankind regardless of gender, race, sexuality, and religion(Tomuschat, 2014). That is why the General Assembly proclaim in their universal declaration of Human Rights a common framework of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the conclusion that every person and every organ of society, keeps this declaration constantly in their psyche, allowing them to strive by teaching and educating for the promotion of respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, on both national and international levels, to secure their universal and valuable recognition and observance, both among the Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their rightful jurisdiction(Martin Owen , 2010). The office of the United Nations takes the issue of human rights as both worth investing in as well as striving for, that is why so many sub-offices of that promote human rights come under the auspice of the human rights branch of the United Nations (Sikor et al, 2010). Purpose The primary purpose of this recommendation report is to investigate the issue of human rights at the UNITED NATIONS and how the office of the UNITED NATIONS are striving to implement the issue of human rights in all over the world especially in non-Democratic dictatorial states like North Korea, Sudan, and Zimbabwe and the Model that the UN wants to implement as well as well as the human rights condition of some of the countries that we will use as MODEL(Assembly, 2010). Scope To investigate and research about the issue of human rights at the united nations, understand it in larger political context as well as social context, expand our knowledge of the human rights when applying to some model countries and finds tools to investigate the correlation between development and human rights and how they vary from one another (Sikor et al, 2010). And if possible we will look at the human rights situation of some selected countries like and how They comply with united nations rules and regulations regarding the issue of human rights, address sensitive issues like the Human rights Abuse, and the overall human rights situation in the whole world especially in conflict hotspot countries(Sikor et al, 2010). Methodology Most of the information in this recommendation report was gathered from websites and news articles which talk about human rights at the United Nations, as well as my experience of reading some newspapers which talk about human right abuses by some countries like Zimbabwe, China and other dictatorial regimes (Assembly, 2010). We will human rights framework as a method of Identifying human rights abuses, evaluating them and if possible theorize a way to solve these issue. This is a hot spot topic in the United Nations so we have to be careful when dealing with such an issue and treat the issue delicately (Sikor et al, 2010). The following diagram depicts censorship a typical case of human rights violation which can be through private corporations, individuals or government agencies that try to control or limit the expression of speech. Then we will use few countries as a Model to apply our analysis on it, these countries namely North Korea, China, Zimbabwe and Myanmar (Burma) will help us better understand human rights violations and also allow us to understand the various responses of the United Nations office in regard to these human rights abuses. then we will investigate the current human rights violations in these countries and if any kind of improvement in this issue are being made and how these countries are dealing with the pressure that is constantly coming from the united nations office. Combining these conditions, model, and country studies will be our focus on our essay report (Martin Owen , 2010). Strong Points .My experience as an avid reader of newspapers helps me in this essay report. Easy to get extra Information especially human rights advocates Abundant facts and Data about the human rights Issue in the worldwide. The Idea about human rights abuses is old and has been discussed many times in the past by academic scholars (Tomuschat, 2014). Researches Member Organizations: The following Data table shows members of the human rights countries and when their term expires. As we can see from the above time, many countries are members of the human rights council and are liable to adhere to the rules and regulations of the council. The Issue of Human Rights Abuses The issue of human right violations occur mostly when actions taken by state actors or non-state actors try to ignore or deny basic rights including social, political and economic rights to its citizens or enemies of the state in question, moreover, human rights abuses happen when any state or non-state actor breach any part of the human rights council treaty or any other humanitarian law (Tomuschat, 2014). Many frameworks can be used to determine if any state or non-state actor has violated the human rights charter. These human rights violations are monitored by United Nations committee, national institutions and governments responsible for these issues and other NGOs such as Human rights watchman-slavery international, Freedom house and other agencies. They merely gather evidence and documentation of alleged human rights violations and apply pressure on the violating countries (Sikor et al, 2010). Finally, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocides and wars of aggression constitute the most serious of human right abuses. Country Model:-North Korea A survey report by human rights watch concluded that North Korea has made no apparent improvement in human rights in the republic even after the death of the late dictator in early 2011. When Kim Jong assumed power, the government continues to impose totalitarian rule, restrictions on human free movement, freedom of speech and if these are combined together might form crimes against humanity (Martin Owen , 2010). The regime represses all forms of freedom of expression an opinion and does not permit any organized political disagreement, independent media is frowned upon and freedoms such as freedom of trade, religion and sexuality is a thing of the past. The government employs systematic torture, executions, political prisoner camps and other inhumane treatment (Hill, 2010). The government in North Korea uses fear, generated mainly through threats of detention, forced slavery and public death sentence of dissents to impose harsh restrictions on freedom of information and travel. From the report of the Human Rights Watch, we can conclude that human rights violations are abundant in North Korea and no signs of abating in the near future. The condition of the human rights is getting worse and worse each second in this isolated part of the world. In recent news US-organized event in North Korea human rights briefly turned into chaos at the UN on Thursday as the diplomat of North Korea insisted on reading the agenda statement, amid outcries from dissents, and then stormed out (JÃ ¼rgens et al,, 2010).This shows the level of sensitivity about human rights violations in the psyche of the regime and its members. Results and Analysis Human rights violations are common nowadays in some parts of the world where dictatorial regimes control and reign singlehandedly. North Korea record of cooperation with the united nations human rights council is possible among the worst in the world because the regime ignores all the resolutions on the human rights situation in north Korea unanimously approved by members of the council and the UN general assembly, the regime has never responded to request for visitation from special UN representatives on human rights in North Korea. Human rights issue remains central to the politics of North Korea and the vital point of contention between the United Nations and the North Korea Republic. Recommendations In view of the above mentioned facts, surveys we can see the importance of human rights as a means of advancing the rule of law and development of the countries that adhere to its charter. Context and capacities are intrinsic, fundamental concerns in the human rights framework, so the states and other non-state actors should put their efforts and focus on improving the human rights and allow the local citizens to enjoy the fruits of human rights which also strengthen the economic, social and political systems of these countries. The UNITED NATIONS has a responsibility to support these efforts and ensure that the charter of the United Nations on human rights is adhered on an international level. Countries that need these human rights framework include Asia-Pacific countries like China, Pakistan, Philippines, Myanmar ,Indonesia and also African countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Chad ,Tunisia ,Algeria ,Somalia and morocco where human rights violations are abundant since dictatorial regimes came to power in these countries(Assembly, 2010). Conclusion: In conclusion, we can safely say that human rights at the united nations represents one of the most debated topics in the council and many countries in this globe are violating these basic human rights like freedom of speech, freedom of 7movement, freedom of religion and freedom of sexual orientation and many more other basic rights which is written in the charter of the United Nations.in View of these recent events about the human rights issue, it is the duty of the Human rights council to apply a working framework for the implementation of the Human rights around the world especially in countries where dictatorship and totalitarianism rule, the need of the people of the world to have access is growing each other and these people demand respect ,rights from there government on critical issues like human rights, freedom of speech ,freedom of movement and free access to education. The regime in North Korea which we took as an example/Model country show that North Korea disregards the charter of the United nations on Human rights and forces its citizens to live under the rule of brutal dictator ship, such examples abound in this world, in Zimbabwe, the government adopted a systemic policy of uprooting the native white people of Zimbabwe, confiscating their farms/properties and arming a killing Squad to force the white natives to abandon their homeland. This is a racist agenda of president of Zimbabwe and world countries like USA, FRANCE, RUSSIA and United Kingdom are helpless to help these innocent people of the white origin in the black continent.in Russia, the government curbs on the freedom of speech and only information is accessed through government propaganda and many famous anti-Putin (President of Russia) are assassinated on regular basis. In a summary, we can see that the issue of human rights needs to be addressed delicately in manner that helps the local people gain access to basic human rights, eradicates the menace of totalitarianism and dictatorship and bring freedom to all people striving for it. Reference: Assembly, U. G. (2010). Human Rights Council.Fourteenth Session. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. Frank La Rue. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/press/hrc/kit/garesolution.pdf Tomuschat, C. (2014).Human rights: between idealism and realism. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2959/Tocs%20tomuschat.pdf Cook, R. J. (Ed.). (2011).Human rights of women: National and international perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from http://anthonydamato.law.northwestern.edu/Adobefiles/Br1-95women.pdf JÃ ¼rgens, R., Csete, J., Amon, J. J., Baral, S., Beyrer, C. (2010). People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights.The Lancet,376(9739), 475-485. Retrieved from http://www.harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PIIS0140673610608306.pdf Sikor, T., Stahl, J., Enters, T., Ribot, J. C., Singh, N., Sunderlin, W. D., Wollenberg, L. (2010). REDD-plus, forest peoples rights and nested climate governance.Global Environmental Change,20(3), 423-425. Retrieved from http://www.somcon.com/sites/default/files/userfiles/1file/REDD-plus_editorial.pdf Hill, D. W. (2010). Estimating the effects of human rights treaties on state behavior.The journal of politics,72(04), 1161-1174. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Hill8/publication/231965898_Estimating_the_Effects_of_Human_Rights_Treaties_on_State_Behavior/links/53fdd5ea0cf22f21c2f85115.pdf Martin, M., Owen, T. (2010). The second generation of human security: lessons from the UN and EU experience.International Affairs,86(1), 211-224. Retrieved from http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/shared/executive_education/INP%202011/Syllabi%20_%26_Course_Materials/Jutersonke_Martin_Owen.pdf

Privacy In Demand Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like most countries and especially the United States their inhabitants enjoy a certain level of privacy. People don’t generally want intimate information to be accessible to the public eye. In fact many people go to great lengths to hide everything about themselves. What exactly is the definition of privacy? Well, privacy is the expectation that confidential personal information disclosed in a private place will not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause either embarassment or emotional distress to a person of reasonable sensitivities. This information includes facts, images (ex: photographs and videotapes), and disparaging opinions. When over zealous law enforcement officials demand access to telephone conversations, e-mail or other electronic communication they are violating the unwritten code of privacy. When organizations from the private sector purchase intimate information about medical records either for commercial purposes, or to challenge your insurance eligibility or employment suitability. Unfortunatly this is a common practice in the United States and it is wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, what does the government do to secure this private information? The answer is very little. There are bascially two different laws that effect privacy. These two laws are the Privacy Act of 1974 and the Freedom of Information act. At a first inspection the two laws seem to work against each other. In short the Privacy Act of 1974 keeps information in government records concerning individuals discreet. The Privacy Act of 1974 gives the individual the rights to see and copy files that the federal government maintains on him or her. It also gives the right to know who else has access to that information, and to request a change to any information that is not accurate. The most important part of this law is the fact that the government is not allowed to use any information for any purpose other than the one for which it was initially collected. This is important and will be addressed later on. The Freedom of Information Act is used mostly to pry open government files. It was designed to help individuals obtain information about the actions of government. The law proclaims that any citizen is to be given access to government records unless the disclosure involves litigation, the CIA, personal m... ... license from every state.† Basically this states that a mugshot data base will be created by virtually all non-criminals. This is a violation of privacy. When the DMV issued the driver’s license there was never any intent to create a mugshot from the information on the card. In 1992 The DPPA(Federal Drivers Privacy Protection Act) was created to make a nation mugshot database. This act authorized the sale of driver’s names, addresses, birthdates, social security numbers, driver’s license numbers, digital signatures, and digital photographs to private companies for the purpose of making a registry of identifying information. Fortunatly, this act was ruled unconstitutional for it was in violation of the tenth amendment. However, before this act was ruled unconstitutional the state of South Carolina sold the complete contents of it driver’s license information for a mere five thousand dollars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now with the introduction of the internet it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the publication of personal and private information. Any information that is collected should not be used for any other purpose except for what it was originally accepted.

Gucci Marketing Plan Essay

Studies of workplace learning tend tofocus on largefirms even though small businesses constitute 98 percent of u. s. firms. Recent studies have found evidence of extensive HRD in small businesses. Other recent studies found a higher level of job satisfaction among employees of small firms than employees of larger firms. This study measured the nature and extent of HRD; the level ofjob satisfaction among workers; and determined the correlation between workplace learning activities and job satisfaction in small to mid-sized businesses. This study is also looking at cross-country comparisons and . mplications with Australia. Malaysia is a resource rich country and a major socio-economic force in the AsiaPacific region. Historically, the economy of Malaysia was based on agriculture and natural resources. Over the past 25 years, the pace of development of the Malaysian economy has been rapid. Throughout the 1980s and early 90s, the economy grew at an average annual rate of 7. 8 per cent. Strong growth in public investment and exports during this period stimulated domestic demand and contributed to a consistent rise in income and employment. But the Asian economic recession of the late 1990s and the severe worsening of ! v1alaysia’s external terms of trade led to a general slow-down in the growth performance. Various adjustment measures were used by the Government to restore balance and stability. The economy now appears to be emerging from the recession and recording GDP growth rates around 4 per cent per annum. In its efforts to transform Malaysia to a dev~loped and industrialized country, the Government began to focus on developing human resources. In recognizing the need for training government employees and to set an example for business and industry the National Institute of Public Administration, Malaysia (INT AN) was established in 1972. To further encourage and stimulate the private sector to introduce training and development for its employees, the Malaysian Legislature passed an Act of Parliament entitled Human Resource Development Act 1992. This legislation requires a manufacturing company which has more than fifty employees to contribute one per cent of its monthly payroll to a fund which would then be used to promote training. Wan (1994) reports that until these relatively recent undertakings â€Å"enterprise training in Malaysia received little attention from policy makers. Even now not much is known about it, despite the fact it is one of the most important sources of job-specific skill development†. In fact, Chalkley (1991) reports that the realization of the importance of training is a recent concept in Asia. The companies tackling such problems represent the exception rather than the norm. On average, companies in Malaysia and Indonesia undertake more training days than their counterparts in Singapore and Hong Kong, but spend less. This is because management training receives greater emphasis in Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore, while in Volume 4 Page 127 CLWR 7th Annual International Conference on Post-compulsory Education and Training, 1999 Malaysia there is a greater emphasis on skills training, which is generally cheaper to organize. The estimates are that Malaysia spends an average of US$200 on training per employee per year. By comparison, British firms invest approximately US$5,000 annually per employee and Germany invests an average of US$7,500 annually per employee. U. S. irms invest, on average, US$l ,800 per year per employee in training and development, or by another estimate a total of US$60. 7 billion a year. Furthermore, estimates suggest that about 8 percent of new employees receive formal training in their first year of employment in U. S. firms and 20 percent of new employees receive such training in European firms, and 74 percent receive such training in Japanese firms. Developing the human resources of a company would seem to be key to increasing production and closing the gap between the level of worker skill and present and future needs. Businesses that have made training, education, and development a priority have seen it payoff through greater profitability and increased worker job satisfaction. Recent studies have found that job satisfaction is rarely tied to pay and promotion; but rather, workers are more interested in such things as feeling appreciated, being â€Å"in on things,† and career development all of which have linkages to workplace learning. Job satisfaction is simply how people feel about their jobs and different aspects of their jobs. There are important reasons why organizations should be concerned with job satisfaction, which can be classified according to the focus on the employee or the organization. First, the humanitarian perspective is that people deserve to be treated fairly and with respect. Job satisfaction is to some extent a reflection of good treatment. It also can be considered an indicator of emotional well being or psychological health. Second, the utilitarian perspective is that job satisfaction can lead to behavior by employees that affects organizational functioning, as well as a reflection on organizational functioning. Differences among organizational units in job satisfaction can be diagnostic of potential trouble spots. Each reason is sufficient to justify concern with job satisfaction. Combined they explain and justify the attention that is paid to this important variable. Indeed, Buhler (1994) emphasizes the point when she talks about the continued effort organizations must place on employee satisfaction and the economic importance to the company. â€Å"Organizations that believe that workers are easily replaced and do not invest in their workers send a dangerous message. This often results in high turnover, which is accompanied by high training costs, as well as hiring costs it fosters the same type of attitude in the employee, that the company can be- replaced and little loyalty is felt†. These studies make it clear that companies must take advantage of all workplace learning opportunities if they are to remain successful. However, until recently, most studies like the ones by Coblentz (1988), Beatty (1996), and Hitt (1998), for example, have been conducted in large corporations. Few firms in the samples have had annual sales of less than US$l billion. Most U. S. businesses are small to mid-sized with annual sales well under US$lO million (Lee 1991). No exact figures are available on the nature and extent of small businesses in Malaysia, but it is clear that they constitute a substantial part of the overall economy. In the same year, their contributions to total manufacturing output and employment amounted to 15 percent and 18 percent, respectively. Small businesses are playing an increasingly important role in the world economy as well. Small businesses (those employing 100 people or less) constitute 98 percent of U. S. businesses and â€Å"small businesses are responsible for 82 percent of the jobs created in the United States†. Yet, of the more than six hundred thousand small businesses started each year in the U.S. , 80 to 85 percent fail in the first five years (Small Business Handbook 1990). The economic wel,l-being of some regions of the United States is dependent upon small businesses where the majority of businesses (88 percent) employ fewer than 200 people. To date, little is known about the relationship between workplace learning and employee satisfaction in small to mid-sized companies. Studies by Des Reis (1993) and Rowden (1995) have found that such firms may not even he aware of the nature and extent of learning in their workplaces. Yet it is likely that the success of such companies is at least attributable to the ways in which employees are attended to, formally and informally trained, and developed. Statement of the problem Conventional wisdom says that small businesses do not have the financial resources nor the time to do very much, if any, training and development or workplace learning. These views on training in small businesses have generally been supported each time quantitative research has been conducied in a variety of small businesses. However, a recent qualitative study   found that, in fact, U.S. small businesses do engage in a considerable range of formal, informal, and incidental workplace learning, activities. The information gleaned from the interviews, observations, and documents provide a new foundation upon which questionnaires can be developed that can assess the extent of workplace learning from a perspective that small businesses truly understand. Another recent study found that worker s in U. S. small businesses were generally more satisfied with their employment situation than were workers in larger companies. The study found that 44 percent of the workers in small businesses said they were â€Å"extremely satisfied† with their jobs, compared with 28 percent at companies with 1,000 or more workers. It was speculated that factors such as job security, empowerment, and the ability to do what they do best might explain job satisfaction. While workplace learning was not one of the indicators in the study, the respondents reported that they could learn and grow on the job. An assumption of this study is that a sense of satisfaction a person feels about his or her employment can be directly linked to workplace learning. That is, employees who have opportunities to grow and learn in their job will express higher levels of job satisfaction. To test this assumption, this study first established the nature and extent of workplace learning in small to mid-sized businesses; established the level of job satisfaction reported in the same small to mid-sized businesses; and established the relationship between these learning opportunities and the level of employee satisfaction in these organizations. Volume 4 Page 129 CLWR 7th Annual International Conference on Post-compulsory Education and Training, 1999 Purpose and research questions The overall purpose of this study is to understand workplace learning in the Malaysian context. The specific research questions are: 1. 2. 3. What is the nature and extent of workplace learning in small to mid-sized Malaysian businesses? What is the relationship among three types of workplace learning (formal, informal, and incidental) in the Malaysian context? To what extent do those three types of workplace learning explain job satisfaction? Methodology A survey research design was deemed the most appropriate way to understand the relationship between workplace learning and employee job satisfaction. A survey instrument was developed that captures the essence of the findings on workplace learning revealed by the Rowden (1995) study combined with the Spector Job Satisfaction Survey (1997). Description of the sample Five Malaysian companies agreed to participate in the study. Potential companies were identified through contact with the local university. Students from the HRD program at the university administered the surveys at the companies. A total of 228 surveys were returned. The five companies consisted of a manufacturing firm, two financial services firms, an educational/training company, and a non-government organization (NGO). The manufacturing firm has been in business for 11 years, employs 54 people, and has gross annual revenues of RM 3, 000,000 (RM [ringgitt] 3. 8=$1 USD at the time of this writing). The financial services companies have been in business for around 10 years, employ a combined 150 people, and produce annual gross revenues of RM 360,000,000. The training company has been in business for eight years, employs 100 people, and has gross revenues of RM 3,000,000. The NGO has been in business for 12 years, employs 124 people, and while it does not generate revenue it has an annual budget of RM 2,000,000. All the respondents worked full time. Fifty two percent were female. Eighty seven percent were between the ages of 21 and 44. Sixty percent were married. Thirty eight percent worked at companies with fewer than 100 employees and 59 percent worked for companies that employed between 100 and 200. Eighty six percent have been employed by their current company for less than 10 years. Sixty five percent are non-supervisory and 69 percent earned between RM $1000 and RM $3000 per month. Seventy four percent worked in service industries while 26 percent worked in manufacturing. A description of the respondents is contained in Table 1. Instrument There is limited research on HRD in small to mid-sized businesses. Most people believe that small businesses do little, if any, development of their workers. For example, Training Magazine, which annually conducts a study of the training industry in the U. S. annually, does not even attempt to contact businesses with fewer than 100 employees and only 16 percent of their sample consist of companies with between 100 and 500 workers. Even the Malaysian HRDA ignores manufacturing firms with fewer than 50 employees. Volume 4 Page 130 CLWR 7th Annual InternationalcConference on Post-compulsory Education and Training. Several attempts have been made to determine the nature and extent of workplace learning in small business. Invariably, the studies concluded that, in fact, little HRD occurs in small businesses. A review of several of the studies determined that a likely cause of the lack of discovery of workplace learning in small businesses was due to the design of the surveys. A qualitative study by Rowden did reveal numerous indices of workplace learning in small to mid-sized businesses in the U. S. By looking at the field notes and transcripts of interviews of workers, it was believed that previous attempts to capture workplace learning in small to mid-sized businesses was due in large part by the language of the questionnaire. Making every attempt to stay as close as possible to the language and references used by actual workers in small to mid-sized businesses, a survey was developed to attempt to capture the natu†re and extent of workplace learning in these businesses. The research on job satisfaction in small businesses mirrors that of HRD in small businesses. Until a recent study little attention had been paid to worker job satisfaction in small businesses. This study found that workers in small businesses, generally, were more satisfied with their work than were workers in larger businesses. The study did not, however, seek to determine why the workers were more satisfied. The study mentioned ideas like better communication, a feeling of being in on things, and a smaller power distance-but no factors were actually measured. Again based on the Rowden (1995) study, a possible connection could be made between workplace learning and job satisfaction. To determine if this hypothesis were true, workplace learning and job satisfaction would have to be measured in the same small businesses. Then, correlational measures could be made to determine if small to midsized businesses with high measures of workpiace learning also had high measures of job satisfaction. The Spector (1997) Job Satisfaction Survey was determined to be the best-validated and reliable instrument for determining job satisfaction. A modified version was incorporated into the questionnaire along with request for background data. , Once developed, the instrument was subjected to critique sessions by area experts and graduate HRD classes to ensure for content validity. The process was continued until saturation was reached; that is, until no more distinct categories could be ascertained. The Malaysian version required some modification for cultural differences. For example, religious education had to be added since this is often provided for by Muslim employers and the â€Å"married-not married† question had to be expanded to cover all possibilities since feedback indicated â€Å"not married† sounded too much like a â€Å"curse† to them. The results of the development process was a six page self-administered questionnaire. The instrument is divided into three sections-workplace learning, job satisfaction, and background information. The three constructs or dependent variables for the workplace learning portion were formal, informal, and incidental learning. The reliability for each measure was conducted using Chronbach’s alpha. The formal learning scale included items measuring respondent’s perceptions of planned, organized, training activities. The informal learning scale included items measuring respondent’s perceptions of unplanned or spontaneous activities that lead to perceived learning on the job. The incidental learning scale included items designed to measure respondents perception of normal workplace activities that resulted in learning even though that was not the purpose of the activity.